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The Rational Use of Cognitive Resources
A new approach to understanding irrational behavior and modeling human cognition What does it mean to act rationally? Mathematicians, economists, and statisticians have argued that a rational actor chooses actions that maximize their expected utility. By this standard, people routinely behave irrationally—and psychologists have amassed long lists of cognitive biases and heuristics to explain why. This book suggests a different approach: resource-rational analysis. With finite time and brain power, it is often unrealistic to consider all the options or determine the exact expected utility of any one of them. By reframing questions of rational action in terms of how we should make the best u...
Learning and Reasoning
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 4th International Joint Conference on Learning, IJCLR 2024, and 33rd International Conference on Inductive Logic Programming, ILP 2024, held in Nanjing, China during September 20–22, 2024. The 13 full papers and 5 short papers presented in this book were carefully selected and reviewed from 25 submissions. These papers have been organized in the following topical sections: Inductive Logic Programming (ILP); Neuro-Symbolic AI; Statistical Relational Learning; Cognitive AI; Probabilistic Logic Programming; Meta-Interpretive Learning; Predicate Invention; Program Synthesis; Knowledge Representation; Logical and Relational Learning; Explainable AI; Trustworthy AI; Large Language Models (LLMs); Formal Reasoning; Abductive and Inductive Reasoning.
Psychology and Mathematics Education
Modern Mathematics is constructed rigorously through proofs, based on truths, which are either axioms or previously proven theorems. Thus, it is par excellence a model of rational inquiry. Links between Cognitive Psychology and Mathematics Education have been particularly strong during the last decades. Indeed, the Enlightenment view of the rational human mind that reasons, makes decisions and solves problems based on logic and probabilities, was shaken during the second half of the twentieth century. Cognitive psychologists discovered that humans' thoughts and actions often deviate from rules imposed by strict normative theories of inference. Yet, these deviations should not be called "erro...
Advances in Quantitative Remote Sensing in China – In Memory of Prof. Xiaowen Li
Quantitative land remote sensing has recently advanced dramatically, particularly in China. It has been largely driven by vast governmental investment, the availability of a huge amount of Chinese satellite data, geospatial information requirements for addressing pressing environmental issues and other societal benefits. Many individuals have also fostered and made great contributions to its development, and Prof. Xiaowen Li was one of these leading figures. This book is published in memory of Prof. Li. The papers collected in this book cover topics from surface reflectance simulation, inversion algorithm and estimation of variables, to applications in optical, thermal, Lidar and microwave r...
Global Change and the Terrestrial Biosphere
Global climate change challenges ecologists to synthesize what we know to solve a problem with deep historical roots in our discipline. In ecology, the question, “How do terrestrial ecosystems interact with the other earth systems to produce planetary change?” has sufficient depth to be the focal challenge. This central question is sharpened further as the changes that we may be manifesting upon our planet’s systems of land, sea, air and ice can have potential consequences for the future of human civilization. This book provides the depth of the history of global ecology and reviews the breadth of the ideas being studied today. Each chapter starts with a brief narrative about a scientist whose work traces forward into today’s issues in global ecosystems. The discussions are framed in a growing realization that we may be altering the way our planet functions almost before we have gained the necessary knowledge of how it works at all.
