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The CIA and Third Force Movements in China during the Early Cold War
When the Chinese Communists defeated the Chinese Nationalists and occupied the mainland in 1949–1950, U.S. policymakers were confronted with a dilemma. Disgusted by the corruption and, more importantly, failure of Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist armies and party and repelled by the Communists’ revolutionary actions and violent class warfare, in the early 1950s the U.S. government placed its hopes in a Chinese “third force.” While the U.S. State Department reported on third forces, the CIA launched a two-prong effort to actively support these groups with money, advisors, and arms. In Japan, Okinawa, and Saipan, the agency trained third force troops at CIA bases. The Chinese commander ...
The Rise and Fall of a Public Debt Market in 16th-Century China
During the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), the government invited merchants to deliver grain in return for salt certificates with which merchants drew salt as reward. The salt certificate therefore represented a national debt, denominated in salt, the government thereby owed merchants. A speculative market of salt certificates was created in Yangzhou and brought into being powerful financiers in the early 17th century. The government, financially hard pressed, abolished the speculative market of salt certificates by franchising these financiers in return for their hereditary obligation to pay salt certificate surcharge. China was therefore deprived of a possibility to develop a public debt market. This story is a testimony to Fernand Braudel’s argument of the "nondevelopment" of Capitalism in China.
Destiny-changing Rain
Sword lights and shadows in the martial arts world, the love between a young girl and a young girl; the dangers of the martial arts world were obvious; the rain of blood was the wind and the rain of blood. The three who have been excluded from the world have had a tragic fate, and they will be playing in my way; how love and hatred that have spanned twenty years will continue; and how a plot that has been planned for twenty years will be made public. She, a poor country woman; she, an orphan daughter of the extermination of her family; she, the beloved daughter of a great general, the love between a man and three women. Bath, the source of sin. A ferocious beast was devouring the world. He. Iron Horse Wear, vow to protect the territory, pacify the land, and turn the world around. Close]
Yin-Yang Judge of Hell
Before he managed to find a job, he had somehow become the Yin Master, and it was even a written judgement, being in charge of the order within the Underworld ... F * * k, do you have to be so ridiculous? He just said that he was destined to give me a bunch of paperbacks, not even giving me the chance to choose. Bro only wanted to drown in the red dust and enjoy Hua Hua's world, but from then on, he had to wander in both the Yin Yang and Yang realms, trying to find a place to talk about some strange things ...
Chinese Visions of World Order
The Confucian doctrine of tianxia (all under heaven) outlines a unitary worldview that cherishes global justice and transcends social, geographic, and political divides. For contemporary scholars, it has held myriad meanings, from the articulation of a cultural imaginary and political strategy to a moralistic commitment and a cosmological vision. The contributors to Chinese Visions of World Order examine the evolution of tianxia's meaning and practice in the Han dynasty and its mutations in modern times. They attend to its varied interpretations, its relation to realpolitik, and its revival in twenty-first-century China. They also investigate tianxia's birth in antiquity and its role in empi...
Linguistics in East Asia and South East Asia
No detailed description available for "Linguistics in East Asia and South East Asia".
