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This book provides a comprehensive overview of nucleophilic aromatic substitutions, focusing on the mechanistic and synthetic features that govern these reactions. The first chapter presents a detailed mechanistic analysis of the factors determining the feasibility of SNAr substitutions, providing decisive information to predict regioselectivity of many reactions and to define the conditions for concerted SNAr processes. Reflecting the key role played by these species as intermediates in most SNAr reactions, chapter 2 then discusses the chemistry of anionic sigma-complexes. Chapter 3 describes the concept of superelectrophilicity in SNAr substitutions, as it has recently emerged from the rea...
Managing Wine Quality, Volume 2: Oenology and Wine Quality, Second Edition, brings together authoritative contributions from experts across the world's winemaking regions who cover yeasts, fermentation, enzymes, and stabilization, amongst other topics. A new chapter covers, in detail, extraction technologies and wine quality. Other sections cover the management of wine sensory quality, with new chapters covering the management of fortified wines, of Botrytized wines, and of wines produced from dried grapes. In addition, an updated section on insect taints in wine has been widened to cover all insects. With a focus on recent studies, advanced methods, and a look to future technologies, this f...
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