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West Virginia Ghost Stories, Legends, Haunts, and Folklore (Book 2) By Jannette Quackenbush Ghost stories and folk tales passed down through generations in the hills and hollers of the Mountain State. In the dark bends of the Little Kanawha River, folks still whisper of Hedger’s Ghost. They say if you stand on a certain stretch of riverbank at night and call his name three times, you’ll hear a blood-curdling scream. Call again, and he’ll come closer. Call a third time—and you might find yourself across the river by morning, lucky if you made it back alive. That’s just one of the many haunted legends preserved in West Virginia Ghost Stories, Legends, Haunts, and Folklore, a chilling...
This is the first comprehensive study of an ingenious number-notation from the Middle Ages that was devised by monks and mainly used in monasteries. A simple notation for representing any number up to 99 by a single cipher, somehow related to an ancient Greek shorthand, first appeared in early-13th-century England, brought from Athens by an English monk. A second, more useful version, due to Cistercian monks, is first attested in the late 13th century in what is today the border country between Belgium and France: with this any number up to 9999 can be represented by a single cipher. The ciphers were used in scriptoria - for the foliation of manuscripts, for writing year-numbers, preparing i...
The volume focuses on the importance and placement of alternative exchange practices in the 13th to 18th centuries, specifically examining goods and services used as means of payment in barter or in-kind transactions. Despite monetary theory emphasizing credit and real currency, coins or paper money did not prevent in-kind transactions. Barter isn’t merely a result of a lack of money, but rather an economic choice with diverse reasons, meanings, and consequences, found in both rural and urban areas. These alternative exchange methods go beyond mere stopgaps and impact all economic activities, from production to consumption.
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