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Originality Standard of Photographic Works in EU Copyright Law By Marián Jankovic (Marian Jankovic) The omnipresence of photographic products in almost everyone’s lives is considered natural, almost unavoidable. If one makes the connection of the said omnipresence with the constant development of new technologies, the increase of interactions with possible legal consequences involving photographic products, as a potential subject-matter appropriable by copyright, might be expected to be inevitable. Such outlined situation brings the necessity to sufficiently legally define and clarify under which circumstances, in other words upon the fulfilment of what conditions and criteria, can a phot...
This comprehensive Research Handbook explores the rights of employers and employees with regard to intellectual property (IP) created within the framework of the employment relationship. Investigating the development of employee IP from a comparative perspective, it contextualises issues in the light of theoretical approaches in both IP law and labour law.
In a world where powerful intermediaries like Google and Facebook are de facto regulators of the communication of copyright-protected works, the democratization of access to content has both substantially expanded the availability of new markets and dramatically increased copyright infringements. Does this mean that the long-sought ideal of a “universal” copyright regulation, which would harmoniously combine effective protection of intellectual creations with public interest goals, is a lost cause? Taken together, the contributions to this insightful and thoroughly researched book suggest that despite the prevailing labyrinthine mosaic of divergent national responses to fragmentation at ...
Data exclusivity gives pharmaceutical companies a limited period of time in which clinical test data are exclusive to the innovator. Internationally, however, aside from prohibition against unfair commercial use, there are no specifics as to how these data are protected; exclusivity is available on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. This book, the only one of its kind, provides expert guidance, chapter by chapter, on test data exclusivity rights for pharmaceutical products in twenty-two major markets worldwide. For each jurisdiction, in addition to explaining the available regulatory data protection – including both substantive and formal requirements for approvals and testing, protecti...
Who owns inventions developed at US research universities? And who benefits from the current ownership regime? To answer these questions, Anna Marion Bieri discusses the transformation which has taken place in academia in regard to the involvement and commercialisation of patents and the effect university patenting has had on the academic mission and the scientific commons. Special emphasis is placed on the history and implementation of the Bayh-Dole Act - a widely-discussed law which facilitated the patenting and commercialisation of federally funded university inventions. On this basis, the author explores who should benefit from university inventions and how the current ownership regime should be modified to achieve this purpose. Finally, Anna Marion Bieri proposes that universities employ patents strategically in accordance with their research strengths.
Data, in its raw or unstructured form, has become an important and valuable economic asset, lending it the sobriquet of ‘the oil of the twenty-first century’. Clearly, as intellectual property, raw data must be legally defined if not somehow protected to ensure that its access and re-use can be subject to legal relations. As legislators struggle to develop a settled legal regime in this complex area, this indispensable handbook will offer a careful and dedicated analysis of the legal instruments and remedies, both existing and potential, that provide such protection across a wide variety of national legal systems. Produced under the auspices of the International Association for the Prote...
This book addresses the issue of trademark use that may be required for protection and maintenance of trademark rights. While there is considerable harmonization on trademark rights, courts and laws around the world do not always assess in the same way whether a trademark is used and do not always attach the same consequence to lack of use of a trademark. This is a fundamental issue for trademark owners since, depending on the jurisdiction, lack of use can lead to the revocation of trademark rights or to a refusal of trademark registration. This detailed analysis provides clarity, insight and guidance on the legal issues and practical implications of genuine use of trademarks in twenty-six j...
When a party develops a ‘second medical use’ for a known substance or compound, special issues of patentability arise. Jurisdictions around the world vary significantly in their treatment of such claims. This detailed country-by-country analysis provides clarity, insight, and guidance on the legal issues and practical implications of second medical use claims in nineteen jurisdictions worldwide as well as the European Union. The authors of the country chapters have been carefully selected based on a broad basis of experience and in-depth knowledge about medical patents in their respective jurisdictions. Each chapter considers such issues and topics as the following: • availability of p...
In today’s knowledge-based global economy, most inventions are made by employed persons through their employers’ research and development activities. However, methods of establishing rights over an employee’s intellectual property assets are relatively uncertain in the absence of international solutions. Given that increasingly more businesses establish entities in different countries and more employees co-operate across borders, it becomes essential for companies to be able to establish the conditions under which ownership subsists in intellectual property created in employment relationships in various countries. This comparative law publication describes and analyses employers’ acq...
EU Copyright Law Subsistence, Exploitation and Protection of Rights Morten Rosenmeier, Kacper Szkalej and Sanna Wolk Against a background in which technology continues to change the ways we create, use, distribute and consume cultural content – and where there has been a noticeable increase in the body of case law of Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) relating to copyright – copyright protection has become an essential component of the knowledge-based economy and the information society. This book, structured around the various rights and issues rather than the legislative instruments, greatly facilitates an understanding of the complex legal area of European Union (EU) copyri...