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The International Physics Olympiad (IPhO) is an international competition on physics for high school students. The IPhO is organized in a different country every year. At present it involves about 35 countries. The proceedings consists of a short history of the International Physics Olympiads, the programme of the XX IPhO, the statutes, the syllabus, the texts of the problems and their detailed solutions.
This book presents a set of theoretical and experimental results that describe the features of the wide family of α-stable distributions (the normal distribution also belongs to this class) and their various applications in the mutation operator of evolutionary algorithms based on real-number representation of the individuals, and, above all, equip these algorithms with features that enrich their effectiveness in solving multi-modal, multi-dimensional global optimization problems. The overall conclusion of the research presented is that the appropriate choice of probabilistic model of the mutation operator for an optimization problem is crucial. Mutation is one of the most important operati...
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This comprehensive publication presents most recent results, and covers practically all aspects of powder diffraction. Part 1 contains contributions dealing with powder diffraction methods, and the larger second part comprises contributions which deal with the application of powder-diffraction methods to specific problems in the physics and chemistry of solids. 1. Method Development. 2. Instrumental Developments and Measurement Techniques. 3. Software and Databases. 4. Synchrotron Powder Diffraction. 5. Neutron Powder Diffraction. 6. Characterization of Thin Layers. 7. Special Topic: In Situ, Time Resolved Powder Diffraction. 8. Miscellaneous. 9. Materials. 9.1 Thin Layers. 9.2 Amorphous Materials. 9.3 Metals and Alloys. 9.4 Minerals and Inorganics. 9.4.1 Analysis of Structural Changes. 9.4.2 Determination of Crystal Structure. 9.4.3 Various Analyses. 9.5 Organics. 9.6 Ceramic Supercoductors.
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General physics, solid state physics, applied physics.