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The Freja Mission
Freja is a joint Swedish and German satellite, launched on October 6, 1992 and orbiting at 600--1750 km, covering the lower part of the auroral acceleration region. It has been designed to provide high-resolution measurements (both temporal and spatial) of auroral plasma characteristics. The high telemetry rate, together with the 15 Mbyte distributed on-board memories allow Freja to resolve meso and micro-scale phenomena in the 100 m range for particles and 1--10 m range for electric and magnetic fields. The UV imager resolves auroral structures of 1 km size at a time resolution of one image every 6 s. The novel plasma instruments are orders of magnitude better than any that have gone before. The Freja Mission is about the scientific objectives, instruments and platform itself. Detailed descriptions are given of the instrumentation and the first data acquired. It is one of the very few books to contain such material in a single volume, relating the instruments' design with their in-flight characteristics. For space engineers and other researchers interested in space science.
Solar Influences on Global Change
Are variations in the energy generated by the Sun sufficient to modify the Earth's global environment at levels comparable to expected anthropogenic changes? Debated contentiously for more than a century, this question must now be posed with new urgency: the proper specification of natural global changes is a prerequisite for detecting anthropogenic impacts. Important advances over the past decade in our knowledge of the Sun and of the terrestrial responses to solar variability provides the basis for answering this question with unprecedented surety, but significant uncertainties remain. This book addresses current monitoring and understanding of solar influences on both the climate system and the ozone layer and prioritizes the research effort that will be needed to provide a sound scientific basis for policymaking related to global change issues.
Composition and Structure Measurements in an Ionospheric Barium Cloud
A 48 kg barium payload was launched from Eglin Air Force Base, Florida on 12 December 1980 at 2311 GMT and detonated at 183.7 km. At 2342:50.25 GMT, a second rocket, instrumented with an ion mass spectrometer and pulsed plasma probes, was fired to traverse the barium cloud. Composition, ion density, and structure measurements were acquired up to 241.2 km in both the natural and disturbed ionosphere. The rocket penetrated the barium cloud between 147 and 184 km. In addition to the Ba+, Ba++ produced by H Lyman alpha ionization, and Ca+, an impurity in the barium were detected in the cloud. A peak barium ion concentration of about 6,000,000 ions cu cm was measured at 161 km where the ionospher...
An Introduction to Space Weather
This updated introductory textbook, with added learning features, explains how the Sun influences the Earth and its near-space environment.
Kristian Birkeland
At the beginning of the 20th century, Kristian Birkeland (1867-1917), a Norwegian scientist of insatiable curiosity, addressed questions that had vexed European scientists for centuries. Why do the northern lights appear overhead when the earth’s magnetic field is disturbed? How are magnetic storms connected to disturbances on the sun? To answer these questions Birkeland interpreted his advance laboratory simulations and daring campaigns in the Arctic wilderness in the light of Maxwell’s newly discovered laws of electricity and magnetism. Birkeland’s ideas were dismissed for decades, only to be vindicated when satellites could fly above the earth’s atmosphere. Faced with depleting st...
Solar Wind Sources of Magnetospheric Ultra-Low-Frequency Waves
"This volume is the result of an AGU Chapman conference held September 14-18, 1992, in Williamsburg, Virginia"--Pref.
Nonlinear Dynamics and Predictability of Geophysical Phenomena
Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 83. The goal of this volume is to establish an understanding and interdisciplinary cooperation among geophysicists and nonlinear dynamicists. While the last thirty years has brought substantial progress in the study of the atmosphere and ocean as well as of convection in the Earth's mantle and core, the nonlinear revolution is only beginning to have an impact on the investigation of the solid Earth. The problem of predictability in chaotic nonlinear systems is one of the most important and difficult subjects in modern nonlinear science. In its application to geophysics and, especially, earthquake prediction, it presents both a profound intellectual problem and an issue with important societal implications.
