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It has for decades been part of the canon of maxims of basic research that most images of rulers in early medieval book illustrations have been transmitted in liturgical manuscripts, i.e. manuscripts originally intended for divine worship. There have however to date been few investigations which draw serious consequences from this and which also view miniatures of rulers in the light of their functional aspects, for example as ‘memorial depictions’ (O.G. Oexle), or on the basis of the social reality of the pious motives behind their presentation. This study gives a more precise explanation of the function and purpose of ruler-images by examining a few selected early medieval miniatures. It analyzes the historical and social contexts of their genesis and the liturgical and commemorative aims of their use against the setting of the social form of remembrance of confraternity.
Much of Europe and the Middle East have been governed by a king, Queen, Emperor, or Empress. These individuals in most cases began a dynasty which lasted many years, and are still reigning today. The Roman Empire grew so huge and vast that it needed two Emperors to rule both East and West, while the Middle Eastern countries suffered under their control. Russia was ruled by Tsars, and a great many dynasties existed. This book takes a look at these leaders, and uncovers the facts surrounding the reigns of these leaders.
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