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During the 1950s and 1960s, the U.S. Army conducted atmospheric dispersion tests in many American cities using fluorescent particles of zinc cadmium sulfide (ZnCdS) to develop and verify meteorological models to estimate the dispersal of aerosols. Upon learning of the tests, many citizens and some public health officials in the affected cities raised concerns about the health consequences of the tests. This book assesses the public health effects of the Army's tests, including the toxicity of ZnCdS, the toxicity of surrogate cadmium compounds, the environmental fate of ZnCdS, the extent of public exposures from the dispersion tests, and the risks of such exposures.
CdTe/CdS solar cell is one of the promising low cost high efficiency thin film solar cells. In this work, thin film CdS properties and the effect of CdS surface conditions on CdTe growth and performance of polycrystalline CdTe/CdS thin film solar cells are investigated. Thin film CdS optical, structural and chemical properties both as deposited and after CdCl 2 heat treatment are measured. CdS surface chemical state is studied by analyzing its surface chemistry after different surface treatments. Qualitative and quantitative measurements indicate sulfate and sulfite phases on thin film CdS surfaces as well as single crystal CdS, caused by oxidation in the air. The degree of CdS oxidation is highly dependent on thermal treatment ambient, temperature and time. Results indicate reduction in grain size and smoother morphology for CdTe deposited on heavily oxidized CdS compared to chemically reduced CdS surface. Solar cell open circuit voltage is much lower on cells with heavily oxidized CdS surface.
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