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Comparative Evaluation of Multilingual Information Access Systems
This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed postproceedings of the 4th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2003, held in Trondheim, Norway in August 2003. The 61 revised papers presented together with an introduction were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the book. The papers are organized in topical sections on mainly cross-language experiments, mono lingual experiments, domain-specific document retrieval, interactive cross-language retrieval, cross-language question answering, cross-language image retrieval, and cross-language spoken document retrieval.
Multilingual Information Access for Text, Speech and Images
The ?fth campaign of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum (CLEF) for Eu- pean languages was held from January to September 2004. Participation in the CLEF campaigns has increased each year and CLEF 2004 was no exception: 55 groups submitted results for one or more of the di?erent tracks compared with 42 groups in the previous year. CLEF 2004 also marked a breaking point with respect to previous campaigns. The focus was no longer mainly concentrated on multilingual document retrieval as in previous years but was diversi?ed to include di?erent kinds of text retrieval across languages (e. g. , exact answers in the question-answering track) and retrieval on di?erent kinds of media (i. e. , not ju...
Accessing Multilingual Information Repositories
This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed postproceedings of the 6th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2005. The book presents 111 revised papers together with an introduction. Topical sections include multilingual textual document retrieval, cross-language and more, monolingual experiments, domain-specific information retrieval, interactive cross-language information retrieval, multiple language question answering, cross-language retrieval in image collections, cross-language speech retrieval, multilingual Web track, cross-language geographical retrieval, and evaluation issues.
Fairs, Cities and Merchants
Today, it has largely been forgotten that fairs played a decisive role in trade and finance in pre-modern Europe. In the Middle Ages and Early Modern period, many cities endeavoured to obtain a fair privilege and attract as many merchants as possible. Through the economic activities and infrastructures provided, a supra-regional spatial configuration gradually emerged, which was not only made up of places within a region, but across the whole of Europe and in some cases the wider world. The contributions in this volume are based on a project jointly funded by the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche and the German Research Foundation, which focussed mainly on fairs and cities in France, t...
Shepherd's Delight
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