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The robbery and restitution of Jewish property are two inextricably linked social processes. It is not possible to understand the lawsuits and international agreements on the restoration of Jewish property of the late 1990s without examining what was robbed and by whom. In this volume distinguished historians first outline the mechanisms and scope of the European-wide program of plunder and then assess the effectiveness and historical implications of post-war restitution efforts. Everywhere the solution of legal and material problems was intertwined with changing national myths about the war and conflicting interpretations of justice. Even those countries that pursued extensive restitution programs using rigorous legal means were unable to compensate or fully comprehend the scale of Jewish loss. Especially in Eastern Europe, it was not until the collapse of communism that the concept of restoring some Jewish property rights even became a viable option. Integrating the abundance of new research on the material effects of the Holocaust and its aftermath, this comparative perspective examines the developments in Germany, Poland, Italy, France, Belgium, Hungary and the Czech Republic.
The Holocaust as division-of-labor-based crime: evidence and analytical challenges / Gerald D. Feldman and Wolfgang Seibel -- Rivalry and competition / Christian Gerlach -- The SS Security Service and the Gestapo in the National Socialist persecution of the Jews, 1933-1938 / Wolfgang Dierker -- 'Aryanization' and the role of the German great banks, 1933-1938 / Dieter Ziegler -- The looting of Jewish property and Franco-German rivalry, 1940-1944 / Philippe Verheyde -- Seizure of Jewish property and inter-agency rivalry in the Reich and in the occupied Soviet territories / Martin C. Dean -- The polycratic nature of art looting: the dynamic balance of the Third Reich / Jonathan Petropoulos -- T...
The Hermann Tietz family business was one of the pioneers of the German department store industry. After the National Socialist takeover, the Jewish owners were forced to give up their company. Hermann Tietz became Hertie. The troubled past of this major department store brand of the West German "Economic Miracle" lay in the dark for a long time. In this study, Johannes Bähr and Ingo Köhler shed light on the anti-Semitic agitation against the owners of the Hermann Tietz Group, the "Aryanization" of their company assets, the fate of the Tietz family after their ousting from the company and the development of the Hertie Group up to the disputes over restitution and compensation in the immediate post-war years. Drawing on a wide range of sources, including previously inaccessible documents, a detailed picture emerges of a department store history caught between the poles of persecution, loss and responsibility.
Austria joined the European Union in 1995, with the overwhelming support of its citizenry. In June 1994, a record 66.6 percent of the Austrian population voted in favor of joining the Union, and Austria acceded on January 1, 1995. Only three years later, in the second half of 1998, Austria assumed its first presidency of the European Union. Its competent conduct of the Union's business enhanced its reputation. The sense that Austria was a role model collapsed overnight, after a new conservative People's Party (iVP/FPi) coalition government was formed in Austria in early February 2000. Austria became Europe's nightmare. This volume has two purposes. The first is to assess Austria's first five...
This four-volume set provides reference entries, primary documents, and personal accounts from individuals who lived through the Holocaust that allow readers to better understand the cultural, political, and economic motivations that spurred the Final Solution. The Holocaust that occurred during World War II remains one of the deadliest genocides in human history, with an estimated two-thirds of the 9 million Jews in Europe at the time being killed as a result of the policies of Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany. The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection provides students with an all-encompassing resource for learning about this tragic event—a four-book collection that provides de...