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Empathy is widely discussed, both in philosophy and more generally. One might ask what empathy itself is and how it relates to specific emotions, such as sympathy. This volume is concerned with theories of emotions that can be described as empathetic, either because they presuppose the human capacity for empathy or because they are essential to how empathy operates. By exploring how Western philosophers-from Ancient Greece up to the twentieth century-have understood these emotions, it becomes possible not only to gain a deeper understanding of certain empathetic emotions and their relation to the concept of empathy, but to also see how these emotions are placed within a broader moral, social...
In 18th century France, letter writing became extremely fashionable, particularly amongst women. In this work, Dena Goodman opens up the world of these women though the letters which they wrote. Concentrating on the letters of four women from different social backgrounds, she shows how they came to womanhood through their writing.
Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) defines sympathy as a series of shifts in perspective by which one sees from a different point of view. British and French novels published over the following century redefine sympathy through narrative form—shifting perspectives or 'stories within stories' in which one character adopts the voice and perspective of another. Fiction follows Smith's emphasis on sympathy's shifting perspectives, but this formal echo coincides with a challenge. For Smith and other Enlightenment philosophers, the experience of sympathy relies on human resemblance. In novels, by contrast, characters who are separated by nationality, race, or species experience a ver...
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Also available online as part of the Gale Virtual Reference Library under the title Complete dictionary of scientific biography.
William Elder was born in 1707 in Prince George's County, Maryland to William Elder and Elizabeth Finch. He married Ann Wheeler, daughter of Richard Wheeler. They had five children. She died in 1739. William married Jacoba Clementina Livers, daughter of Arnold Livers and Hellen Gordon, 1 February 1742. They had seven children. He died 11 April 1775. Ancestors, descendants and relatives lived mainly in Maryland, Kentucky, Ohio and Illinois.
France and Great Britain, so close geographically but separated by language, culture and history, had been exchanging merchandise, visitors, rulers and ideas for hundreds of years before the eighteenth century. The flow of traffic only quickened during this period, and became a flood, in the direction of Great Britain, during the decade following the Revolution. While certain of these exchanges, such as Voltaireâ (TM)s sojourn abroad, have been studied in detail, others are coming into focus only as scholars study secondary figures in the host country and the interactions of various groups with its citizens. British-French Exchanges in the Eighteenth Century gathers together fourteen recent...