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About half a century ago, AI pioneers like Marvin Minsky embarked on the ambitious project of emulating how the human mind encodes and decodes meaning. While today we have a better understanding of the brain thanks to neuroscience, we are still far from unlocking the secrets of the mind, especially when it comes to language, the prime example of human intelligence. “Understanding natural language understanding”, i.e., understanding how the mind encodes and decodes meaning through language, is a significant milestone in our journey towards creating machines that genuinely comprehend human language. Large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 have astounded us with their ability to generate...
Far more than a simple glossary, this unique resource provides a detailed lexicography of political and social life in China today, and deepens our understanding of the last twenty years of enormous change in the People's Republic. Each of the 1,600 entries (1) is rendered in Chinese characters; (2) is alphabetized according to pinyin, the Chinese phonetic alphabet; (3) is translated into English; and (4) is explained in terms of the situation in which it first appeared and how its meaning shifted over time. In addition to the main body of definitions and annotations, there are three appendices, abbreviations, a name index, and a bibliography.
This comprehensive study of China's Cold War experience reveals the crucial role Beijing played in shaping the orientation of the global Cold War and the confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union. The success of China's Communist rev
In 1971, Lin Biao, Mao Zedong's closest comrade-in-arms and chosen successor, was killed in a mysterious plane crash in Mongolia. This book challenges the official explanation that Lin was fleeing to the Soviet Union after an unsuccessful coup attempt.
Provides a framework for the many voices calling for the reaffirmation of democratic values, citizenship, and service in the public interest. This edition includes a chapter that addresses the practical issues of applying these ideals in actual, real-life situations.
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Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Maps -- Hunan Province in Its Chinese Milieu -- Central Changjiang (Yangtze) Basin -- Xiang River Valley, Selected Sites -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Chapter 2 The Setting: Hunan, Its Elite, and Mao -- Chapter 3 The Beginnings of the Labor Movement -- Chapter 4 The Anyuan Railroad Workers and Miners' Strike -- Chapter 5 The Construction Workers' Strike -- Chapter 6 The Lead-Type Compositors and Printers' Strike -- Chapter 7 The Shuikoushan Lead and Zinc Miners' Strike -- Chapter 8 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Index -- About the Author
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List of fellows in each vol.