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This study addresses one of the most challenging problems in contemporary tort law: the attribution of liability in cases where harm results not from direct physical causation, but from psychological influence that motivates or facilitates another person's conduct. Through systematic analysis, this work demonstrates that traditional causal theories—including direct and immediate causation, adequate causation, and the equivalence of conditions (sine qua non)—prove fundamentally inadequate when applied to cases involving "psychological causation." Similarly, the conduct and public statements of government officials can negatively affect citizens' behavior, particularly during periods of cr...
This book provides a comprehensive guide to consumer Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADRs) and the unconventional challenges they pose for emerging economies, aiming to advance their growth within developing nations. Written in response to the increasing number of transactions between consumers and traders in the digital age, and the accompanying rise in consumer disputes, the book details ADR systems which have come to the fore to settle complaints. Covering ADR techniques including arbitration, mediation and ombudsman services, it provides a guide to efficient dispute resolution and its application to emerging economies worldwide. The book also examines the role of technology in shaping ADR processes, given the prevalence of digital transactions in consumer markets. Thoughtfully explaining the challenges faced in implementing these systems suggests how governments and businesses can encourage the use of ADR, alongside providing practical case studies detailing past integrations into emerging economies. Practical, thorough, and internationally focused, this book will be of interest to researchers in the fields of dispute resolution, consumer law, and technology.
This book reflects the research output of the Committee on the International Protection of Consumers of the International Law Association (ILA). The Committee was created in 2008, with a mandate to study the role of public and private law to protect consumers, review UN Guidelines, and to model laws, international treaties and national legislations concerning protection and consumer redress. It has been accepted to act as an observer not only when the UNCTAD was updating its guidelines, but also at the Hague Conference on Private International Law. The book includes the contributions of various Committee members in the past few years and is a result of the cooperation between the Committee members and experts from Australia, Brazil, Canada and China. It is divided into three parts: the first part addresses trends and challenges in international protection of consumers, while the second part focuses on financial crises and consumer protection and the third part examines national and regional consumer law issues.
A publicidade sempre existiu, pois sempre houve alguém interessado em vender algo e alguém em comprar. No entanto, ao longo dos anos, a publicidade que num primeiro momento tinha uma função informativa, passou a desempenhar uma função persuasiva. Note-se que o CDC repudia toda e qualquer forma de enganosidade. Assim, um anúncio publicitário que não retrate a verdade ou que não dê a possibilidade de o consumidor discernir entre o real e a fantasia, sendo capaz de induzi-lo em erro, será considerado enganoso. Além disso, o CDC também repudia a publicidade abusiva, que é aquela em que o fornecedor não exerce seu direito de anunciar de modo regular, extrapolando a liberdade de co...
"Como síntese do exposto, explicam os autores em suas considerações finais, que há uma nova organização: 'o mercado de consumo digital, pautado em novos arranjos contratuais, desenvolvimento do comércio eletrônico, veiculação de publicidade digital – em especial com a utilização massiva de marketing de influência –, emprego da inteligência artificial, tratamento de dados pessoais dos consumidores, criação de perfis digitais de consumo e bens digitais ofertados no mercado de consumo. Os digital influencers atuam nas redes sociais pelo contato direto e pessoal com o público, criando uma relação de proximidade por meio da utilização de meios informais especialmente, med...
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