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The recent recognition of dynamic yet consistent variation, as well as rules, in language use is applied to second languages. The 18 chapters by researchers and methodologists explore the influence of such factors as context, relative social status, target language variety, and psychological aspects. Each chapter begins with an orientation, and includes a section on how data was collected and analyzed. Includes a section on suggestions for teaching. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
The papers in this volume reflect the renewed interest in the semantics of grammatical categories and the issues of invariance and variation in grammar. In particular, this collection presents the current understanding of invariance of grammar with respect to the synchronic and diachronic analyses of specific languages, and as realized in work on typology and universals.The book is divided into five sections: The Question of Invariance; Invariance and Grammatical Categories; Grammar and Discourse; Grammar and Pragmatics; Typology and Universals.
Written texts of the Iliad and the Odyssey achieved an unprecedented degree of standardization after 150 BCE, but what of the earlier history of Homeric texts? This volume draws on scholarship from outside the discipline of classical studies to offer a comprehensive study of Homeric texts from the Archaic to the Hellenistic period.
Ziele und Fragen der politischen Bildung sowie nach den damit verbundenen Inhalten, Kompetenzen und Prinzipien haben - häufig mit Fokus auf Demokratiebildung - an Aktualität (wieder)gewonnen. Polarisierung, Spaltung und Populismus werden in gesellschaftlichen Diskursen besorgt zur Kenntnis genommen und in den Wissenschaften aufgegriffen. Fremdsprachendidaktik und Sprachlehrforschung als Disziplinen (fremd- und zweit-)sprachlicher Bildung können an unterschiedlichen fachlichen Entwicklungslinien und kritisch geführten Wissenschaftsdiskursen anknüpfen, wie z.B. intercultural und global citizen education einschließlich Befähigung zum kritischen Denken, Bedeutung kritischer language awareness angesichts medialer und technologischer Entwicklungen, Kontroversen um Ziele der Kultur- einschließlich Wissens- und Wertevermittlung. Wie aber kann der Anspruch, politische Bildung zu vermitteln, in unseren Disziplinen gelingen? Der Band dokumentiert die überarbeiteten Stellungnahmen der Teilnehmer:innen der 45. Frühjahrskonferenz zur Erforschung des Fremdsprachenunterrichts.
Translation and interpreting can be seen as two special sub-types of bilingual communication. The field of bilingualism—from developmental, cognitive, and neuroscientific perspectives—is highly relevant to Translation and Interpreting Studies. The Routledge Handbook of Translation, Interpreting and Bilingualism is the first handbook to bring together the related, yet disconnected, fields of bilingualism and translation and interpreting studies. Edited by leading scholars and authored by a wide range of established authorities from around the world, the Handbook is divided into six parts and encompasses theories and method, the development of translator and interpreter competence and cognitive, neuroscientific and social aspects. This is the essential guide to bilingualism for advanced students and researchers of Translation and Interpreting studies and key reading on translation and interpreting for those studying and researching bilingualism.
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"I, the Song" is an introduction to the rich and complex classical North American poetry that grew of and reflects Indian life before the European invasion. No generalization can hold true for all the classical poems of North American Indians. They spring from thirty thousand years of experience, five hundred languages and dialects, and ten linguistic groups and general cultures. But the poems from these different cultures and languages belong to poetry unified by similar experiences and a shared continent. Built on early transcriptions of Native American "songs" and arranged by subject, these poems are informed by additional context that enables readers to appreciate more fully their imager...
This text is a collection of essays from scholars throughout the world concerned with the theory and the teaching of translation. Subjects covered include both technical and literary translation.