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Advertising: Methods, Research and Practices
Millions of people are exposed to thousands of brands daily through different means, and we may categorise some as advertisements. William M. O’Barr calls it “conditioning of the consumers.” Advertisements can be analysed from different perspectives. For instance, Philip Nelson, in his study “Advertising as Information,” analyses advertisements based on the capacity of advertisements to direct the information toward the consumers, helping them separate one brand from another. Demetrios Vakratsas and Tim Ambler, in their study “How Advertising Works: What Do We Really Know?” discussed factors like “consumer’s belief and attitudes” and “behavioral effects” leading to pu...
RETAILING: TRENDS IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM
The origins of retail are old as trade itself. Barter was the oldest form of trade. For centuries, most merchandise was sold in market place or by peddlers. Medieval markets were dependent on local sources for supplies of perishable food because Journey was far too slow to allow for long distance transportation. However, customer did travel considerable distance for specialty items. The peddler, who provided people with the basic goods and necessities that they could not be self sufficient in, followed one of the earliest forms of retail trade. Even in prehistoric time, the peddler traveled long distances to bring products to locations which were in short supply. “They could be termed as e...
